Jean-Jacques Rousseau has explained the transition from natural to civil status under the theory called "GENERAL WILL". The root of the theory must be sought in the subjectivity and the fundamental change in the relation of man and the world, which has begun under the influence of the post-Renaissance atmosphere. This article, through a descriptive-analytical method attempts to describe how subjectivity affects Rousseau's theory of GENERAL WILL. In the framework of subjectivity, the subject is the foundation of the universe and everything else is considered the object of the subject, and it is the subject that determines everything else. Accordingly, in Rousseau's view, the conventional society depicted by public WILL (manifestation of the subject), replaces "nature" in its traditional sense and the social reason replaces traditional practical reason. In this conventional society, “, the GENERAL WILL”,arising from the social reason, determines the law. Basically, the law is the manifestation of autonomy and self-determination of the human WILL, which teaches citizens to act in accordance with their conscience and not to be constantly in conflict with themselves. There is no supreme power above “, the GENERAL WILL”,and people following the law, do not follow anyone except their WILL.

Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, and you may be right, and by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the Socratic elenchus, using refutations, can only give us negative knowledge of GENERAL principles, which is not the wisdom we seek. Affirmatively, we can only find a collection of opinions to be coherent, which is one of many. Francis Bacon proposed an improved elenchus to find GENERAL truths. You must take up a limited topic to study, then cross-examine your evidence for and against its apparent nature. Experiments contrary to evidence and presumed knowledge are entered as self-contradictions in tables of opposition recorded in an “experimental and natural history.” Such an account highlights a challenging puzzle if the account is to be made coherent. With enough problematized evidence, a coherent reading, or a solution of the puzzle, WILL be unique. Being both coherent and unique, it WILL be the truth about that limited reality being investigated. Unlike the method of hypothesis (“Anticipating Nature”), deciphering a coherent model is “Interpreting Nature,” allowing us to find a GENERAL truth on a limited topic. Isaac Newton achieved great success using Robert Boyle’s mechanistic version of this method. Using the “experimental philosophy,” he discovered GENERAL principles of optics and astronomy.

The debate of WILL and volition has always been an important part of the intellectual and philosophical discourse as a whole. The current essay has studied this issue from the points of view of Ghazali and Spinoza in a comparative context. Spinoza has conceived WILL to be a type of notion while Ghazali considers it a mental quality that deals with preferring one side to the other. It seems that the reason for the disagreement of these two scholars in definition of WILL lies in the fact that Ghazali believes that WILL is one aspect of heart and soul whereas Spinoza includes it among the capabilities of mind. First he regarded WILL as a type of judgment but later due to the fact that judgment is the necessary result of notion he was compelled to consider it a kind of notion. Furthermore, according to Spinoza, an action is volition when it becomes realized out of its nature in the sense that no other internal or external stimulus forces the agent to undertake the action at issue; while Ghazali contends that the criterion for an action’s volitionality (the state of being volitional) is it’s being grounded in WILL.....

In this article, article I intend to consider the explanation of the WILL and the ability of this explanation to answer the difficulties concerning this issue in Aquinas philosophy. He believed that the soul is a substance and its powers are described as accidents for it, namely they don't follow necessarily from the soul's nature. Aquinas accepted Aristotle's idea about the appetitive power as a distinct power of the soul. In this Philosophical system intellectual appetite is distinguished from sensitive appetite, The former is depending on understanding and the latter is related to sensation. The intellectual appetite is named WILL. On the other hand Aquinas believed in free WILL Whose specific sign is choice. Therefore we ought to accept that the WILL is affected not only by intellect but also by sensation, and Aquinas believed it too. But if one describes the WILL as a intellectual appetite he WILL not be able to believe in the free WILL.

One of the challenging problems in Islamic thought has been the divine WILL and its relation with human deeds. It is one of those issues which might have played an important role in the formation of primary theological branches and an issue which has been involved for one reason or another in the discussions of theology, philosophy and even jurisprudence. Imam Khomeini (P. B. U. H.) is one of the scholars who have dealt with this issue. He, as a jurist, philosopher and mystic, discusses this theological issue with a comprehensive view in such a way that his discussions are influenced neither by the restrictions of Motazilite and Asharite theologies nor by the narrow-mindedness of some Shiite theologians.Although he uses Molla Sadra’s principles in his analyses, he considers this issue from a different perspective. He both analyses and critiques Ashaerite’s and Motazele’s views and also shows the problems with some Shiite theologians. Using a philosophical, mystical and narrative perspective, Imam Khomeini further demonstrates that human WILL is in accordance with divine WILL.

In this paper, using Evolutionary Game Theory, we study the evolution of currency as an important and influential problem in the world economy by presenting three new models. In examining the evolution of two different currencies, we prove that if the parties chose either of the two currencies with a fixed probability, it WILL not have an impact on the evolutionary process of these currencies. Considering a new action based on either the possibility of using any two currencies or a preference between the two currencies, we illustrate their impact on the evolutionary process of currencies. In fact, we examine the impact of different actions and strategies on the evolutionary process between the two types of currencies.

WILL is a divine attribute, the subject of which is in the world of the second determination (al-taʿaayyun al-thānī) and which manifests in the form of divine epistemic truths called “fixed entities” (al-aʿyān al-thābita). It also appears in the worldly manifestations of these entities such as humans and jinn. WILL is one of the most eminent divine attributes. More importantly, this attribute is ascribed to the divine realm in one respect and to the manifestations and shadows of the divine realm and the fixed entities; which are outside of the divine stage, namely humans. There is a relationship between divine WILL and human free WILL. Islamic mysticism as a well-establish discipline is concerned with this issue. In this article, we overview the life and character of al-Shaykh Ṣadr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-Qūnawī. Moreover, we discuss one of the main tenets of the intellectual system of Ibn al-ʿArabī and al-Qūnawī; that is, the “fixed entities” (also known as mystical “secrets of al-qadr” or “truths of beings in the second determination) that serve as existential realms for the manifestation of divine attributes, including His WILL. Given the relationship between the fixed entities and divine names, we outline both topics. Furthermore, we refer to how divine attributes relate to the fixed entities as well as their relationship with the inherent dispositions within the fixed entities from al-Qūnawī’s perspective. We argue that, according to al-Qūnawī, there is a difference between the WILLs of non-instantiated humans who have not attained the stage of intuiting the divine knowledge or the world of the fixed entities (in the second determination) and the WILL of God because the former involves indeterminacies and doubts. This is because doubts serve as the origins of our free WILL and our power of choice, while is not the case for God. However, in the case of those humans who have attained the stage of the second determination, which is the realm of the fixed entities, their WILL is identical with the divine WILL.

In amid of COVID-19 pandemic, one of the concerns is whether it can become an endemic disease. Perhaps the main reason for this concern is that other coronaviruses, OC43, 229E, NL63, are already among endemic cause of moderate to severe respiratory infections similar to that of common cold. Becoming endemic depends on reinfection by the same virus, viral competition, and the seasonality of the infection. Coronaviruses, having larger RNA genomes and potentially prone to genetic drift are capable to becoming endemic, which in the case of new coronavirus all depends on antiviral therapy and effective vaccination against viral infection.